Just started a random rogue game and stumbled upon about 10 monsters in the second room. I rolled fungal arts so I threw all buff mushrooms on and barely made it out alive. Felt pretty good and then promptly died for seemingly no reason. My tombstone read "Killed from a buff wearing off". Ha.
XD I've seen those happen, I'm just guessing you might have died from The Prince buff shroom wearing off. That's the only one I can think of that takes away health after it's over.