I've put about 45 hours into this game, but several months ago I started having this problem. Whenever I launch the game, the "Preparing to launch" window pops up and disappears just fine, but the in-game launcher doesn't show up at all. My steam displays me as in-game for a few seconds, then back online. If it's the first time I've opened a game on steam since the computer turned on, the Update News will show up as if I had opened the game and closed it immediately. Before it started happening the game worked perfectly. I never installed any mods, but I have all of the expansion packs. Just recently, I visited a friend's house, and using his computer, logged into my steam and installed the game. It worked just fine there. My last save file was intact, and I played a couple games (I died really fast). Upon returning home, though, the problem was just the same. I've uninstalled and reinstalled the game, uninstalled the entirety of steam and reinstalled it, verified the game cache, and pretty much everything else that gets recommended. If anyone has any idea what's going on, I will forever be in their debt.
Might want to take a look in the Event Viewer applications log to see if a crash message is being generated but not displayed. (A stab in the dark guess would be that it's runtime related, as I don't think verify game cache checks the integrity of prerequisites)
But make sure you remove it when you're done. Actually, make sure you don't have any special run-flags set in your launch options. Also, try running it outside of Steam. Might be a problem with Steam and not Dredmor. C:/[path to Steam]/steamapps/common/Dungeons of Dredmor/Game.exe (I think it's game.exe. Might be dredmor.exe. Whatever. It's the one with the Swarmy for the icon.)
-nukesteamcloud didn't cause any changes. When I attempt to run the game locally, it still doesn't turn on. The exe shows up in my processes for a moment, but disappears immediately.
My computer gets turned off when I go to bed, so restarting wouldn't be a problem. I am running Avast, but disabling it seems to not change anything. Edit: I realized that the game wasn't being ran as a an admin, and it seems to be fine again now that i've set it to do that.
Welp. The game runs fine now, but it seems that it isn't connecting to steam. sort of. The game launches and plays, but my previous saves are gone and if I check my achievements in-game, it says "Log in to Steam to check your achievements." I'm still displayed as in-game though. Edit: Steam wasn't running as an administrator either. NOW IT'S FIXED NEVERMIND